Extract punctuation from books with R

crayon
dataviz
gutenbergr
r
text
Author

Matt Dray

Published

September 12, 2021

A screenshot of the R console in RStudio showing a large number of printed punctuation characters with linebreaks every 70 characters and with each punctuation mark coloured differently.

The start of ‘Moby Dick’ by Herman Melville

tl;dr

I wrote an R function to extract only the punctuation marks from a provided text. It prints prettily to the console, but you can also take a character vector away for further analysis.

Punct rock

A few years ago Adam J Calhoun did a small but really neat thing: extracted and presented only the punctuation from some books. It appeared again recently in my Twitter timeline.

I love the aesthetic of the neatly printed characters, but it also tells us something (obvious?) about writing styles.

Long story short: old-timey folk often wrote convoluted sentences; literature and essays from a hundred or more years ago are especially rich with semi-colons, commas, more commas and of course, as the audience is well-aware, even more commas, which to modern eyes can be a little tiring; certainly it’s a style that is out of fashion, but was pretty hip for, let’s say, Herman Melville, when writing his behemoth of a novel, Moby Dick; Or, The Whale.

Whereas Hemingway was terse.

You’ve been punct

So I wrote a small, opinionated R function called extract_punct() that grabs the punctuation characters for a given text.

Someone has probably done this in R before. I saw that Julia Silge wrote a post on quantifying punctuation like Calhoun’s original, but it doesn’t involve printing the characters.

The purpose of this post is just to show how to do the extraction and print it nicely to the console, though the function allows you to take away a character vector for further analysis.

Functuation

Below is the definition for extract_punct(). You supply your content to text, and then you set the arguments:

  • sort = FALSE to return the punctuation in the order it appears in the text, or TRUE to order it ‘alphabetically’
  • vec_only = TRUE to early-return the punctuation characters as a vector for you to do with as you please
  • vec_only = FALSE to print the results to the console with cat()
  • width to decide where the line breaks will go in the printed output (defaults to 80)
  • colour = TRUE to have each punctuation character returned in colour thanks to the {crayon} package by Gábor Csárdi1, or FALSE to return without colour
extract_punct <- function(
    text,              # input text
    sort = FALSE,      # order the characters?
    vec_only = FALSE,  # return as char vector?
    width = 80,        # width of output
    colour = TRUE      # colour output?
) {   
  
  # Extract punctuation with regular expression
  punct_rx  <- "[\\.,:;!?\"\'\\()]"
  matches   <- regexpr(punct_rx, text)
  punct_vec <- regmatches(text, matches)
  
  # Sort alphabetically?
  if (sort) punct_vec <- punct_vec[order(punct_vec)]
  
  # Early return of character vector
  if (vec_only) return(punct_vec)
  
  # Colour the characters
  punct_vec <- sapply(
    punct_vec, switch,
    "."  = crayon::blue("."),
    "!"  = crayon::blue("!"),
    "?"  = crayon::blue("?"),
    ","  = crayon::yellow(","),
    ";"  = crayon::yellow(";"),
    ":"  = crayon::yellow(":"),
    "\"" = crayon::red("\""),
    "'"  = crayon::red("'"),
    "("  = crayon::silver("("),
    ")"  = crayon::silver(")")
  )
  
  # Print without colour
  if (!is.null(width) & !colour) {
    cat(names(punct_vec), sep = "", fill = width)
  }
  
  # Convoluted colour printing, requires flattening a matrix
  if (!is.null(width) & colour) {
    div_size <- length(punct_vec) %/% width * width
    mat_flat <- c(rbind("\n", matrix(punct_vec[1:div_size], nrow = width)))
    leftover <- c("\n", punct_vec[div_size:length(punct_vec)])
    cat(mat_flat[2:length(mat_flat)], leftover, sep = "")
  }
  
}

There’s no defensive programming or testing here; this is just for fun for the purposes of this blog post. Maybe it’ll work on your machine?

Note that I’ve selected a subset of possible punctuation marks. There’s no reason why you couldn’t update the punct_rx object, which contains a regular expression, to include more marks. You could even use R’s built-in "[[:punct:]]" declaration to capture them all.

I decided to colour by ‘type’ of mark: terminal (period, exclamation and question), ‘continuing’ marks (comma, semi-colon and colon), parenthetical (open and close) and quote signifiers (quotation marks and apostrophes, recognising that apostrophes are more likely to be used for contractions).

There were a couple of technical annoyances to deal with in the function definition; let me know what you would improve.2

{gutenbergr}, dead ahead!

Let’s inspect the punctuation from some books on Project Gutenberg, ‘a volunteer effort to digitize, archive, and distribute literary works’.

Helpfully, we can interact with Project Gutenberg’s library via the {gutenbergr} package by David Robinson.3

Here’s some random books.

library(gutenbergr)
library(dplyr, warn.conflicts = FALSE)
library(stringr)

sample_n(gutenberg_metadata, 5) %>% select(1:3)
# A tibble: 5 × 3
  gutenberg_id title                                    author          
         <int> <chr>                                    <chr>           
1        54611 Mental diseases: a public health problem May, James Vance
2        56216 Rodney, the Overseer                     Castlemon, Harry
3         2512 The Cruise of the Snark                  London, Jack    
4        62321 The Flame Breathers                      Cummings, Ray   
5        50613 My Short Story Book                      Various

You could filter for a particular author or title, like Franz Kafka.

gutenberg_metadata %>% 
  filter(str_detect(author, "Kafka")) %>%
  select(1:3) %>%
  slice(1:5)
# A tibble: 5 × 3
  gutenberg_id title                    author      
         <int> <chr>                    <chr>       
1         5200 Metamorphosis            Kafka, Franz
2         7849 The Trial                Kafka, Franz
3        16304 Der Heizer: Ein Fragment Kafka, Franz
4        19638 Auf der Galerie          Kafka, Franz
5        20045 Großer Lärm              Kafka, Franz

I’ve chosen Edwin A Abbott’s Flatland (1884) for the main example in this post. It’s relatively short, so we can get the gist of the output from extract_punct() without printing hundreds of lines. Also it’s a really fun little book that blew my mind.4

We can take a book’s ‘Gutenberg ID’, pass to gutenberg_works() 5 to isolate it, and then download it.

Note

At time of rendering, the regular Project Gutenberg mirror at aleph.guternberg.org was down, but you can pass an alternative mirror URL to gutenberg_download().

id <- gutenberg_works() %>% 
  filter(str_detect(title, "Flatland")) %>%
  pull(gutenberg_id)

alt_mirror <- "http://mirrors.xmission.com/gutenberg/"

book <- gutenberg_download(
  id,
  mirror = alt_mirror,
  strip = TRUE,   # removes Gutenberg headers/footers
  verbose = FALSE
)

book %>% 
  filter(!is.na(text)) %>% 
  sample_n(5) %>%
  select(text)
# A tibble: 5 × 1
  text                                                                  
  <chr>                                                                 
1 distinguish them?                                                     
2 in vehemence till at last methought it rivalled the roar of an army of
3 _I_. Say they so? Oh, believe them not. Or if it indeed be so, that   
4 vanished. I winked once or twice to make sure that I was not dreaming.
5 complex.

Right, so now we can pass the text to the extract_punct() function to return all the punctuation in the order it appears, with linebreak every 70 characters so the text fits the width of this blog.

extract_punct(book$text, width = 70, colour = FALSE)
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I passed colour = FALSE because the blog can’t render the colours. Set colour = TRUE to have the characters returned in your console with a different colour for each type of mark. That looks like this:

A screenshot of the R console in RStudio showing a large number of printed punctuation characters with linebreaks every 70 characters and with each punctuation mark coloured differently.

All punctuation from ‘Flatland’ by Edward A Abbott

For fun, we can also get the same output as before, but ordered by character.

extract_punct(book$text, sort = TRUE, width = 70, colour = FALSE)
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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Full stop

So that’s the general gist.

Here’s a few more books from Project Gutenberg. Expand to see the punctuation for each one:

Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen (1813) 
extract_punct(
  gutenberg_download(1342, alt_mirror, verbose = FALSE)$text,
  width = 70
)
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Moby Dick; Or, The Whale by Herman Melville (1851) 
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Feel free to experiment with extract_punct() and let me know how it goes. Maybe include en and em dashes, or interrobang or something.

Environment

Session info 
Last rendered: 2023-07-21 19:28:26 BST
R version 4.3.1 (2023-06-16)
Platform: aarch64-apple-darwin20 (64-bit)
Running under: macOS Ventura 13.2.1

Matrix products: default
BLAS:   /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/lib/libRblas.0.dylib 
LAPACK: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.3-arm64/Resources/lib/libRlapack.dylib;  LAPACK version 3.11.0

locale:
[1] en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8

time zone: Europe/London
tzcode source: internal

attached base packages:
[1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base     

other attached packages:
[1] stringr_1.5.0    dplyr_1.1.2      gutenbergr_0.2.3

loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
 [1] bit_4.0.5         jsonlite_1.8.7    compiler_4.3.1    crayon_1.5.2     
 [5] tidyselect_1.2.0  parallel_4.3.1    yaml_2.3.7        fastmap_1.1.1    
 [9] readr_2.1.4       R6_2.5.1          generics_0.1.3    knitr_1.43.1     
[13] htmlwidgets_1.6.2 tibble_3.2.1      pillar_1.9.0      tzdb_0.4.0       
[17] rlang_1.1.1       utf8_1.2.3        stringi_1.7.12    xfun_0.39        
[21] lazyeval_0.2.2    bit64_4.0.5       cli_3.6.1         withr_2.5.0      
[25] magrittr_2.0.3    digest_0.6.33     vroom_1.6.3       rstudioapi_0.15.0
[29] fontawesome_0.5.1 hms_1.1.3         lifecycle_1.0.3   vctrs_0.6.3      
[33] evaluate_0.21     glue_1.6.2        fansi_1.0.4       rmarkdown_2.23   
[37] purrr_1.0.1       tools_4.3.1       pkgconfig_2.0.3   htmltools_0.5.5

Footnotes

  1. Readers may remember {crayon} from my recent post about the {dehex} package.↩︎

  2. In particular, it’s easy to print the character vector of punctuation characters and linebreak it with the fill argument of cat(), but this behaviour is altered when you convert the characters to {crayon} strings. Instead, extract_punct() inserts newline characters at the desired print width using a crummy trick that flattens a matrix of the punctuation characters. Of course, matrices are ‘square’, so there are leftover punctuation characters that have to be dealt with separately and pasted on to the end, lol.↩︎

  3. No, not the legendary San Antonio Spurs center from the 90s.↩︎

  4. I think I first learnt about this from Carl Sagan.↩︎

  5. Note that you can use gutenberg_works() for a pre-filtered dataset with English-only texts, are in text format and whose text is not under copyright.↩︎

Reuse

CC BY-NC-SA 4.0